978 - 1 - 107 - 02089 - 4 - Evidence , Decision and Causality
نویسنده
چکیده
Causalism is the doctrine that rational choice must take account of causal information. Specifically it must attend to whether and how an agent’s available acts are causally relevant to the outcomes that he desires or dreads. Nothing short of causal information will do the trick, and agents who ignore it will make the wrong decision in a variety of identifiable and realistic cases. This book argues against causalism. Evidentialism, which it prefers, is the contrary view that only the diagnostic bearing of acts is of practical concern. It only matters to what extent this or that act is evidence of this or that outcome, regardless of whether the act causes the outcome or is merely symptomatic of it. Many cases where evidentialism and causalism make different practical recommendations are less realistic than causalism supposes. But anyway evidentialism is practically superior: we do better to follow the evidentialist recommendation than to follow the causalist one, whenever they diverge. Two philosophical positions encourage evidentialism. The first is Humean scepticism about causality. I strike the match and then it lights. However closely you examine that sequence you won’t see the striking making the match light. However often you examine similar sequences you will only see the recurrence of that pattern. However widely you examine surrounding sequences you will only see recurrences of other patterns. All of this only shows that in such-and-such circumstances the striking of a match is a good sign of its lighting. So as far as we can see, distinct events are, as Hume said, entirely loose and separate. So causality does not impinge upon human experience in any other way than through the evidential relations between events (the patterns) that either constitute causality or are sustained by it. This is not to say that some deeper metaphysical relation of causality
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تاریخ انتشار 2014